Falling Short of the GPS… Or, How I Prevailed When Limited Records Exist

Posted on by
8

Standard genealogical research methodology just doesn’t work for me. As a Spartan Greek, ancestral research is extraordinarily challenging. Using “low-lying fruit” to find my ancestors is impossible. Census records, military registrations, city directories, the Social Security Death Index, tax lists and obituaries simply do not exist in Greek records—either in accessible repositories or online. DNA testing? A great tool, but only if people take a test. Mine don’t.

I’ve sat through hundreds of genealogy lectures, seminars, programs, and RootsTech presentations that present various research techniques. I understand the GPS (Genealogical Proof Standard) but it’s tough to apply when one can’t conduct  “reasonably exhaustive research” due to lack of records, or “analyze and correlate” how sources relate when sources are limited or do not exist.   

What I could, and did, do was to talk to every living relative and write to Archives and Church Metropolis Offices in Greece. Answers tooks months to receive, and I was thrilled when a record arrived. But clerks are busy and I was limited to one request per letter. I felt  stuck and frustrated.

Thankfully, a few years ago four things changed everything:

  1. I attended several sessions on using negative or indirect evidence to establish relationships. This prompted a paradigm shift or “lightbulb moment,” and steered my mindset from conventional to unconventional. I learned that there are alternate ways to determine relationships when direct evidence does not exist (see, for example, Dr. Thomas W. Jones’  Using Indirect and Negative Evidence to Prove Unrecorded Events  and its corresponding handout). Learning the theory transformed my thinking; but without records, there is no evidence—direct, indirect, or negative. 
  2. So…I took a research trip to Sparta in 2016. My colleague, Gregory Kontos, guided me to the Sparta office of the General State Archives of Greece, the Metropolis (diocese) of Lakonia, and the City of Sparta Town Hall. We found which records are available onsite. I made a list and returned every summer to obtain whatever extant records existed for my village(s). I got many! I also suggested to Greg that we offer to preserve, free of charge, the marriage records at the Metropolis of Sparta and the village church books of Lakonia. These projects were approved by the Bishop. Working under Greg’s direction, I spent three summers in Sparta digitizing these records. The collections are now available at MyHeritage; they were among the first accessible Greek records online.
Digitizing marriage records at the Metropolis of Sparta, July 2019

3. In 2020, Greg founded GreekAncestry.net, the first online Greek genealogy website. His mission is to preserve and make available genealogical records in all areas of Greece. He locates relevant collections which his team name indexes and makes them available on his website. His work is an enormous breakthrough in Greek genealogy, not only for me but also for thousands of researchers worldwide.

4. Finally, I stopped wishing that someone would set up social media for my primary village and did this myself: a Facebook group and website for Agios Ioannis, Sparta. Waiting for others was wasting my time; I just did it.   

I absolutely recognize that not everyone can travel to their ancestral place of origin to obtain information not available online. That’s where social media can help and why I created the sites for Agios Ioannis. In Europe, village-centered Facebook groups are immensely popular. People have strong ties to their villages and have access to families who live there as well as repositories that exist there. They can translate records, provide contacts for archives and churches, give insights on the history of the area, and ask around for information about your family. Try it! A breakthrough may be waiting for you.

Finally, I have accepted Genealogy Ying-and-Yang: to be both proactive and patient.
Ying: Do all I can to find what’s available, document everything and everyone, and share, share, share.
Yang:  Trust that new records will continue to emerge and that technology will make them available.  

The Dowries and Marriages of Anogia

Posted on by
Reply

by Panagiotis  D. Christofilakos
published in The Faris Newsletter, Issue 83, December 2025, page 27

Marriage constituted and continues to constitute one of the most important events for community life in our villages and especially for the families and relatives of the newlyweds. The institution of the dowry was a prerequisite for the creation of marriage and at the same time became a special event with the habits and customs that accompanied the dowry.

The Newlyweds Panagiotis and Eleni Kastri
(Calendar 2022 of the Association of Women of Anogia “The Refugee”)

In Anogia in earlier times, a few days before the wedding, customarily on Thursday because weddings were held mainly on Sunday, the groom with his close relatives and friends, would harness the horses and mules in the late afternoon and prepare to go to the bride’s house. They wore their best clothes and even on the animals they placed kilimia (woven rugs) on their backs, so that they would also be decorated. They loaded the baskets and proceeded to the bride’s house accompanied by local singers and musicians. The bride’s family awaited them with the dowries ready. They were mainly clothes, woven fabrics for every occasion, blankets, rugs and general household utensil such as trays, dishes and whatever else the family could provide. After the dowries were presented to the groom’s family, the bride’s relatives sat on the trunks and only left when the groom paid them in gold, so that the dowries could then be loaded onto the animals. The families mingled at the lavish table that had been prepared, dancing followed and wishes were exchanged for the upcoming wedding. The neighbors of the bride’s house gathered around, listening to the songs, and participated in the couple’s joy. In fact, the groom’s friends had an unwritten custom of “stealing” something small from the bride’s house, such as the glass they drank their wine in, or even a plate, etc.

The wedding day was special. The relatives had gathered early at the bride’s house and the women of the family and the bride’s friends took charge of her preparations, singing wedding songs. Before departing, the musicians arrived and the bride danced together with her family. Later on, they all left the house together and the instrumentalists played the patináda (wedding procession music).

The procession arrived at the church, where the groom was waiting at the door with his family and the priest. At the end of the ceremony, a commemorative photo was taken in front of the church. The wedding reception took place at the groom’s house, where the couple would live permanently. The meal was prepared by professional village cooks with the help of relatives, consisting mainly of roasted meats on spits and stews. At the end, the wedding chamber was decorated with a wish for fertility and a happy life.

I (Carol Kostakos Petranek) am honored to receive permission from the Katsoulakos family to translate and share articles from The Faris. Translation verification and corrections have been made by GreekAncestry.net. This is the twenty-fifth article of the ongoing series. Previous articles can be viewed here.

Lakonia Studies 6th Annual Conference

Posted on by
Reply

The Society of Lakonia Studies organization fulfills a vital role in documenting and preserving the history of the prefecture of Lakonia. The organization brings together historians, archaeologists, linguists, cultural specialists and other professionals who present their research at the annual conference of the organization. Their research papers are subsequently published in the Journal of Lakonia Studies, which currently consists of twenty-three volumes and numerous supplements.

Lakonia Studies logo

This year, the organization’s annual conference will be held on December 5-7, 2025, at the Cultural Center of the Municipality of Sparta (ground floor of the Library). The theme is “Laconia 330 AD – 1830.”

The presenters are devoted and dedicated researchers.Their goal is to educate and enlighten. Most are native to the region and work with primary source materials which may be unavailable or even unknown to outside scholars. Thus, their works extend beyond basic academics and dive into topics, people and historical elements that are less-studied and even obscure, but historically relevant and important.

This article in Lakonikos.gr outlines (in Greek) the program and speakers. My very rough computer-assisted translation of the program follows:

Friday, December 5
Opening Session (18.00-20.00) | Chair: Socrates Kougeas
18.00-18.30: Arrival
18.30-19.00: Welcome
19.30-19.15: Dimosthenes Stratigopoulos, Nikiphoros Moschopoulos, president of Lacedaemonia (ca. 1288 – ca.1315), and leader in Mystras
19.15-19.30: Dimitrios Th. Katsoulakos, Surnames with Byzantine origin in the villages of Faridos
19.150-19.30: Stavros G. Kapetanakis, Ibrahim’s unsuccessful attempt in 1826 to subjugate the Maniots and its long-term consequences
19.30-20.00: Discussion

Saturday, December 6
First morning session (9.30-11.00) | Chair: Dimitrios Vachaviolos
9.30-9.45: Danae Charalambous, The surviving frescoes of the church of Panagia Krissa in Finiki, Laconia
9.45-10.00: Sofia F. Menenakou, The brushwork of the painters Anagnostis from Lagkada and Nikolaos from Nomitsi in the Church of Saint George in Panitsa (Laconian Mani, 18th century)
10.00-10.15: Leonidas Souchleris, The northern part of the Eurotas valley in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. Residential perspective: urban planning, cemeteries and road network.
10.15-10.30: Georgios P. Kountouris, Monuments of the Early Christian Period in Voies
10.30-10.45: Panagiotis D. Christofilakos, The Byzantine church of Saint Athanasius in Paleochori, Lakedaemon
10.45-11.00: Panagiotis S. Katsafados, Following the traces of icon painters in Mani during the post-Frankish period
11.00-11.30: Break

Second morning session (11.30-13.00) | Chair: Dimosthenis Stratigopoulos
11.30-11.45: Panagiota D. Laskaris, The Laskari clan in Lacedaemon. The biographical stories of Demetrios Laskaris as a starting point for an existential historical investigation
11.45-12.00: Christina Vambouri, Highlighting the history of Byzantine Laconia through the newspaper Embros during the first half of the 20th century
12.00-12.15: Dimitrios S. Georgakopoulos, New information about the founder/donor of Panagia Chrysafistissa
12.15-12.30: Michael Grünbart , An empire vanishes – imperial concepts vs. political reality in late Byzantium
12.30-13.00: Discussion

First afternoon session (17.00-19.00) | Chair: Georgios Kountouris
17.00-17.15: Eleftherios P. Alexakis, Byzantine pronoiai, Venetian captaincies, and the development of the political system of Outer Mani
17.15-17.30: Antonis Mastrapas, Searching for ancient Sparta in the 18th and 19th centuries
17.30-17.45: George V. Nikolaou, Laconia through the work of the English traveler William Leake, envoy of the English government (early 19th century)
17.45-18.00: Kyrillos Nikolaou, Laconia through the second travelogue of the French consul and traveler François Pouqueville (early 19th century)
18.00-18.15: Panagiotis N. Xintaras, Laconian place-names through the pen of French travelers
18.15-18.30: Alexandros Gizelis, Sparta in the political literature of Protestantism during the era of the Religious Wars (16th-17th century)
18.30-19.00: Break

Second afternoon session (19.00-20.30) | Chair: Yannis Tsoulogiannis
19.00-19.15: Yianna Katsougraki, At the end of the thread: from the material to the immaterial. The presence of weaving in Byzantine and modern Laconia
19.15-19.30: Michalis Sovolos, Indexing the first decisions of the Court of First Instance of Sparta: Persons and matters concerning Mani, 1770-1821
19.30-19.45: Georgios A. Tsoutsos, Enlightenment and Ancient Sparta: The case of Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (1709-1785)
19.45-20.00: Dimitrios Galaris, Nikitas Nifakis: the author of the Declaration to the European Courts at the liberation of Kalamata from Ottoman rule
20.00-20.30: Discussion

Sunday, December 7
9.30-10.30: Guided tour of the Archaeological Museum of Sparta
Morning session (11.00-12.30) | Chair: Georgios Nikolaou
11.00-11.15: Marios Athanasopoulos, “In this sacred Struggle, I too, taking up arms in my hands, ran to all the battles of my most beloved homeland…”: The life and deeds of the 1821 fighter, Father Polyzois Koutoumanos
11.15-11.30: Dimitrios Mariolis, Dimitrios Poulikakos. Military leader of 1821 from Vamvaka, Mani
11.30-11.45: Socrates V. Kougeas, Mosaics of the life and actions of the legendary figure Zacharias Barbitsiotis – The actions of the chieftain Sousanis
11.45-12.00: Giannis Michalakakos, Ilias Bispinis, a forgotten fighter of 1821 from Laconia
12.00-12.15: George – Konstantinos K. Piliouras, The Holocaust at the Paleomonastiro of Vrontama
12.15-12.45: Discussion

Afternoon session (17.00-19.00) | Chair: Dimitrios Katsoulakos
17.00-17.15: Pepi Gavala, Court of First Instance of Laconia – Correspondence Register: Transactions and Cases (February-April 1830)
17.15-17.30: Yannis N. Tsoulogiannis, The action of Panagiotis Krevvatas through two letters
17.30-17.45: Dimitrios Th. Vachaviolos – Stylianos D. Dimitropoulos – Dimitrios Ath. Christou, Two unknown documents from the Museum of Ecclesiastical Art of the Holy Monastery of Monemvasia and Sparta concerning Bishop Kyrillos Germos of Karyoupolis († July 1842)
18.00-18.15: Nikos I. Karmoiris, Papa-Kalomoiris, the Levite (cleric) chieftain from Vordonia
18.15-18.30: Katerina Diakoumopoulou – Maria Giatrakou, “ For Giatrakos’ great struggles.’ The monumental speeches in Parliament and the indirect references in the dramaturgy of M. Chourmouzis.
18.30-19.00: Discussion
End of the conference proceedings

These papers will be published in the next issue of the Journal. If there is an essay of interest to you, contact the Lakonia Studies organization at: etlasp@gmail.com. This pdf document lists the Table of Contents for each of the twenty-three volumes of Lakonia Studies, prior to this 2025 conference. Volume(s) can be purchased from the Lakonia Studies organization for 20 euros per book.

The work of this organization and its members is important, and must be accessible to people worldwide. I have written previously about bringing the Journal of Lakonian Studies to the Library of Congress, first in 2024 and this year in 2025. Let’s spread the word together and introduce the world to our modern-day Spartan intelligentsia!

Sparta Municipal Registry Offices (Lixarcheia)

Posted on by
Reply

Around 1925 in Greece, Registry Offices for Municipalities were created for the purpose of maintaining civil birth, marriage and death records. These offices are also known as Ληξιαρχεία / Lixarcheia. Village priests retained the responsibility of keeping church books to record baptisms/births, marriages, and deaths in their specific congregations.

I have received requests from people asking where they should write to obtain an ancestor’s birth certificate. The answer is: if you are seeking information for a person born after 1925 and you know the exact village of birth, contact the lixarcheion office for that village.

This post explains how to access contact information for the Lixarcheion offices under the Municipality of Sparta.

  1. Lixarcheia are under the jurisdiction of the Dimos Sparta / Δημος Σπαρτη. The link to the website is: https://www.sparti.gov.gr/.

2. Under the tab for Municipality is the category “Municipal Services”. The direct link is: https://www.sparti.gov.gr/dimos/dimotikes-ypiresies

3. Under Municipal Services, at the very bottom, is an entry for “Registry Offices of the Municipality of Sparta”.

Sparta Dimos Municipal Services from Website

4. Click on the title “Registry Offices of the Municipality of Sparta” to access the chart below with contact information for each Lixarcheio office. The direct link is: https://www.sparti.gov.gr/liksiarxeia-dimou-spartis

Sparta Registry Offices Lixarcheion contact info

A note about the government structure: The Municipality is Sparta; and under it are several Municipal Units. Each Municipal Unit services several villages. The title of the Municipal Unit reflects its government hierarchy. For example, the first entry on the chart is ΛΗΞΙΑΡΧΕΙΟ Δ.Ε ΣΠΑΡΤΙΑΤΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΥ ΣΠΑΡΤΗΣ which translates to Civil Registry Office of the Municipal Unit of Spartiaton, Municipality of Sparta.

The Municipal Unit office information is on the left column of the chart, and the villages it services are on the right. You must know the exact village and be sure to contact the office which serves your village!

My recommendation is to bookmark this last link for direct access: (https://www.sparti.gov.gr/liksiarxeia-dimou-spartis)

When writing an email to a Lixarcheio office, prepare it in both English and Greek (use an online app such as Google Translate). Or, put your English text into ChatGPT or another AI service for translation. If your Greek is limited, it’s a good idea to enter your text into two different translator apps to check for consistency. Including the English version is important because if the Greek is not well-translated, an English-speaking clerk will be able to read your original English message and understand your request.

Lixarchion Office, Magoula
Civil Registry Office of the Municipal Unit of Mystras, Municipality of Sparta

This is the Lixarcheion office for the municipal unit of Mystras, which services my village of Agios Ioannis. It is located in Magoula, outside Sparta. When I visited in person, the clerk was kind and helpful and I left with both both and death records about my family. I wish you success as you contact a Lixarcheio for assistance!

NOTE: Translate the Sparta Dimos website into English using Google Translate or a similar translation app. In the images for this post, I used screenshots to put the Greek and English side by side; the website does not appear like this.

Congratulations to Gregory Kontos of Greek Ancestry!

Posted on by
Reply

My dear friend and colleague, Gregory Kontos, founder of GreekAncestry, was honored by Forbes magazine as one of “30 Under 30” entrepreneurs in Greece. This award brings me great joy. I have been friends with Gregory for over ten years and have watched him work with diligence and integrity to create GreekAncestry and guide it to its premier place in the genealogy community.

This is Greg’s announcement of his award:

I was extremely honored to be included in Greece’s Forbes Under 30 List released yesterday morning.

This is not an honor for myself only, but for the entire field of Greek genealogy, which is finally recognized as innovative and influential! We at Greek Ancestry will continue to serve our community and pursue our mission for high-standard genealogy research and access to genealogical data.

The official ceremony is to take place at the Athens Concert Hall on November 25 with Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.

Here is an English translation of the text in the article:

DIGITAL GENEALOGY – Greek Ancestry
“Gregory Kontos, with studies in migration history and a passion for Greek heritage, transforms forgotten archival traces of the past into a vibrant, global digital experience of exploring our genealogical history.

He began at the age of 15 by mapping his own family tree and, at 24, founded Greek Ancestry, the first Greek genealogical research platform that reconnects Greeks from every corner of the world with their roots.

Until recently, genealogical research in Greece was nearly impossible, as historical records were fragmented and inaccessible. In just five years, Greek Ancestry has radically changed the landscape: through pioneering collaborations with the General State Archives, the University of Athens, metropolises, and local communities, it digitizes centuries-old genealogical records — from civil registrations and church registers to family archives from across Greece. The result is a constantly growing database of more than 8 million ancestral names, spanning from the 18th century to today, and accessible worldwide.

From uncovering the ancestors of Jennifer Aniston and George Stephanopoulos for American television programs to documenting the history of Asia Minor refugees, Greek Ancestry modernizes and deepens Greek genealogy, revealing small, everyday, yet often astonishing stories of the past.

More than just a service, the platform is a global bridge “with roots”, reconnecting millions of Greeks of the diaspora with their history—using technology to preserve and showcase our cultural heritage for generations to come.”

Congratulations, Greg! Wishing you continued success as you advance the mission of Greek Ancestry, build its database of records, and help people connect with their Greek ancestral history!

UPDATE: December 22, 2025. Gregory’s interview on Greek television’s “Rush Hour.”